Drinking Water Disasters

Historical cases of water contamination and their impacts

These case studies highlight the importance of water quality monitoring and regulation. While concerning, it's important to note that the US generally has one of the safest public water systems in the world.

Flint water crisis - discolored water and infrastructure
Flint Water Crisis (2014-2019)
Residents collecting bottled water during Flint water crisis

What Happened

In April 2014, Flint, Michigan changed its water source from treated Detroit Water and Sewerage Department water to the Flint River. Officials failed to apply corrosion inhibitors to the water, which caused lead from aging pipes to leach into the water supply, exposing over 100,000 residents to elevated lead levels.

Health Impacts

  • Elevated blood lead levels in children, which can cause developmental issues and behavioral problems
  • An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease that killed 12 people and sickened at least 87 others
  • Skin rashes, hair loss, and other health problems reported by residents
  • Long-term health concerns, including potential cognitive impacts on children exposed to lead

Response and Resolution

After months of residents' complaints and independent testing confirming high lead levels, a state of emergency was declared in January 2016. The city switched back to Detroit water, but the damage to the pipes had already been done.

The crisis led to criminal charges against several officials, multiple lawsuits, and a $626 million settlement for affected residents. It also prompted nationwide attention to aging water infrastructure and environmental justice issues.

Lessons Learned

  • The importance of proper corrosion control when changing water sources
  • The need for transparent water quality testing and reporting
  • The disproportionate impact of environmental hazards on low-income communities and communities of color
  • The critical role of citizen science and advocacy in exposing water quality issues

Preventing Future Disasters

These case studies highlight several common factors that contribute to drinking water disasters:

  • Inadequate treatment processes for specific contaminants
  • Failure to properly monitor water quality
  • Aging infrastructure and deferred maintenance
  • Lack of transparency and delayed public notification
  • Insufficient protection of source water
  • Cost-cutting measures that compromise safety

Addressing these issues requires investment in infrastructure, robust monitoring systems, transparent reporting, and strong regulations. It also requires engaged citizens who understand their water systems and advocate for clean, safe drinking water.